Digital Electrical Substation Communications based on Deterministic Time-Sensitive Networking over Ethernet

The authors would like to thank Alberto Sánchez Pérez and Grupo Cuerva S.L. for their assistance in the realization of the field tests at their electrical substation facility in Escúzar (Granada, Spain); and Jesús Torres Tenor and the CIRCE Foundation for their contribution to the development of a substation GOOSE traffic generator.This work presents a novel use case with Time-Sensitive Networks (TSN) for implementing a deterministic system allowing the joint transmission of all substation communications over the same Ethernet-based infrastructure. This approach streamlines the transition to Smart Grid by simplifying the typically complex architecture of electrical substations, characterized by multiple field buses and bridging devices. Thus, Smart Grid represents a disruptive innovation advancing substations to an “all-digital” environment with a uniform interface to access, manage, and update their communications and variables. TSN can serve as its underlying foundation as it is based on open, interoperable standards and enhancements for Ethernet that can establish deterministic communications with bounded end-to-end latency. This is shown with a TSN Proof of Concept (PoC) in a real-life substation that can integrate its most usual signals: digitized analog triggers for critical events or interlocks, GOOSE signaling (IEC 61850), and Best-Effort “Internet-like” traffic. This TSN PoC is shown to be versatile enough to propagate digitized critical events around 160 µs earlier than legacy substation equipment while preserving the integrity of background traffic. Furthermore, its flexibility was characterized in-depth in controlled laboratory tests, thereby confirming TSN as a viable alternative for supporting Smart Grid so long as the appropriate configuration is supplied.Amiga-7 Project RTI2018-096228-B-C3FITOPTIVIS Project H2020-RIA ECSEL-JU-2017-783162Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Transformacion Digital (MINECO) APCIN PCI2018-093184German Research Foundation (DFG

A novel fuzzy clustering approach to regionalise watersheds with an automatic determination of optimal number of clusters

One of the most important problems faced in hydrology is the estimation of flood magnitudes and frequencies in ungauged basins. Hydrological regionalisation is used to transfer information from gauged watersheds to ungauged watersheds. However, to obtain reliable results, the watersheds involved must have a similar hydrological behaviour. In this study, two different clustering approaches are used and compared to identify the hydrologically homogeneous regions. Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (FCM), which is widely used for regionalisation studies, needs the calculation of cluster validity indices in order to determine the optimal number of clusters. Fuzzy Minimals algorithm (FM), which presents an advantage compared with others fuzzy clustering algorithms, does not need to know a priori the number of clusters, so cluster validity indices are not used. Regional homogeneity test based on L-moments approach is used to check homogeneity of regions identified by both cluster analysis approaches. The validation of the FM algorithm in deriving homogeneous regions for flood frequency analysis is illustrated through its application to data from the watersheds in Alto Genil (South Spain). According to the results, FM algorithm is recommended for identifying the hydrologically homogeneous regions for regional frequency analysis.Ingeniería, Industria y Construcció

Numerical prediction of delamination in CFRP drilling

Delamination is one of the undesired effects of machining using non appropriate cutting parameters or worn drill. Finite element modeling of drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites is an interesting tool for damage prediction. Recently, complete modeling of the process including the rotatory movement of the drill, penetration in the composite plate and element erosion has been developed in the scientific literature. Computational cost of these complex models is a great disadvantage when comparing them with simplified models that consider the drill acting like a punch that pierces the laminate. In this paper both complete and simplified models were developed and compared in terms of delamination prediction. The simplified model, presenting reduced computational cost, slightly overestimates the delamination factor when compared with the complex model. The influence on delamination of thrust force, clamping area at the bottom surface of the laminate and the stacking sequence is studied using the simplified model.This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under the Project DPI2011-25999.Publicad

Experimental and numerical analysis of step drill bit performance when drilling woven CFRPs

This paper focuses on the influence of the step drill bit geometry on the damage induced during drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer materials (CFRPs). Step geometry designed with the aim of avoiding composite damage in CFRPs drilling, is compared to conventional twist configuration. Despite the reduction of thrust force and torque observed when using the step drill, the delamination was only reduced at low feed rates. A numerical model developed for the step geometry was validated with experimental data demonstrating its ability to predict thrust force and delamination for different values of feed rate and cutting speed. Numerical model allowed the development of a parametrical study. Finally, using a response surface methodology a mechanistic model and surface diagrams have been presented in order to help in the selection of optimum variables minimizing drilling induced damage.The authors acknowledge the financial support for this work from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under the project DPI2011-25999, FEDER program, and the FPI subprogram associated to the project previously mentioned with the reference BES-2012-055162

Numerical analysis of the influence of tool wear and special cutting geometry when drilling woven CFRPs

CFRPs drilling is a common process in the aerospace industry carried out prior to components assembly. Machining induced damage leads to significant percentage of component rejection. Damage extension strongly depends on drilling geometry and cutting parameters. Fresh drill geometry changes with cutting time due to the wear progression and the risk for hole quality is enhanced as cutting progresses. The influence of wear on hole quality has been analyzed in the literature using mainly an experimental approach. Simulation of drilling process is an effective method that can be used to optimize drill geometry and process parameters in order to control hole quality and analyze the drill wear evolution. In this paper a finite element model for drilling woven CFRPs, reproducing both fresh and worn tools, is presented. Two different point angles considering fresh and honned edge were modeled. A progressive intra-laminar failure model based on the Chang and Chang model is considered. Cohesive elements allowed the analysis of inter-laminar damage (delamination). The model demonstrated its ability to predict thrust force and delamination for different values of feed rate and cutting speed. Model predictions show the influence of tool geometry (including variations induced due to wear) on delamination.This study has been developed under the financial support of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under the projects DPI2011-25999 and DPI2013-41094-R, and the FPI subprogram associated to the project DPI2011-25999 with the reference BES-2012-055162

Análisis del discurso de odio sobre la islamofobia en Twitter y su repercusión social en el caso de la campaña «Quítale las etiquetas al velo»

En el nuevo ecosistema mediático, las redes sociales se convierten en espacios clave para canalizar creencias políticas de odio, ideologías y acciones. Dada la escasez de trabajos empíricos en España sobre el discurso islamófobo en las redes sociales, esta investigación ofrece un análisis cuantitativo riguroso de la conversación social en Twitter generada a raíz de la campaña lanzada en 2019 bajo el título «Quítale las etiquetas al velo», con la que la Fundación Al Fanar para el Conocimiento Árabe, con apoyo de Twitter, pretendió desarticular las visiones estereotipadas de la mujer musulmana. Se llevó a cabo un análisis cuantitativo del impacto generado por el tuit principal de la campaña y la emisión de los dos hilos de información posteriores. La muestra (N = 1.545) la conformaron cada uno de los comentarios registrados en el tuit inicial de la campaña (N = 747) y en los dos hilos posteriores (N = 603 y N = 195). Se intenta averiguar quién participó en la conversación, los temas, el tono y la principal acción que la definió. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis crítico del discurso de los cinco tuits más determinantes en cada una de las acciones. Los resultados demostraron una superioridad occidental que califica al islam de manera despectiva. La interacción social entre los participantes fue escasa y se detectaron acciones islamófobas coordinadas de tipo ideológico en los contenidos promocionados por Twitter.En el nou ecosistema mediàtic, les xarxes socials es converteixen en espais clau per canalitzar creences polítiques d'odi, ideologies i accions. Atesa l'escassetat de treballs empírics a Espanya sobre el discurs islamòfob a les xarxes socials, aquesta investigació ofereix una anàlisi quantitativa rigorosa de la conversa social a Twitter generada arran de la campanya llançada el 2019 sota el títol «Treu-li les etiquetes al vel», amb la qual la Fundació Al Fanar per al Coneixement Àrab, amb suport de Twitter, va pretendre desarticular les visions estereotipades de la dona musulmana. Es va dur a terme una anàlisi quantitativa de l'impacte generat pel tuit principal de la campanya i l'emissió dels dos fils d'informació posteriors. La mostra (N = 1.545) la van conformar cada un dels comentaris registrats en el tuit inicial de la campanya (N = 747) i en els dos fils posteriors (N = 603 i N = 195). S'intenta esbrinar qui va participar en la conversa, els temes, el to i l'acció principal que la va definir. Posteriorment, es va fer una anàlisi crítica del discurs dels cinc tuits més determinants en cadascuna de les accions. Els resultats van demostrar una superioritat occidental que qualifica l'islam de manera despectiva. La interacció social entre els participants va ser escassa i es van detectar accions islamòfobes coordinades de tipus ideològic en els continguts promocionats per Twitter.In the new media ecosystem, social networks become a critical space for channelling hatefilled political beliefs, ideologies and actions. Given the scarcity of empirical studies related to Islamophobic discourse on social networks in Spain, this study offers a rigorous quantitative analysis of social conversation on Twitter generated as a result of the "Remove the labels from the veil" campaign launched in 2019 by Al Fanar Foundation for Arab Knowledge, with the support of Twitter, in order to dismantle stereotypical views of Muslim women. A quantitative analysis of the impact generated by the campaign's main tweet and the publishing of two subsequent information threads was carried out. The sample (N = 1,545) was made up of each comment registered in the initial tweet of the campaign (N = 747) and in the two subsequent threads (N = 603 and N = 195). The aim was to establish who participated in the conversation, and the main topics, tone and actions that defined it. Subsequently, a critical analysis of the discourse of the five most determining tweets in each of the actions was carried out. Results showed a Western superiority that labels Islam in a derogatory way. Social interaction among participants was limited, and coordinated ideological Islamophobic actions were detected in content promoted by Twitter

Drug solubility prediction with support vector machines on graphic processor units

En este trabajo se emplean métodos de inteligencia computacional, tales como las máquinas de soporte vectorial (MSV) para optimizar la predicción de la solubilidad de compuestos. Estas se entrenan con una base de datos de compuestos solubles e insolubles conocidos, y dicha información es posteriormente empleada para mejorar la predicción obtenida mediante cribado virtual. Los grandes avances en el campo de la computación de alto rendimiento ofrecen nuevas oportunidades en la simulación de sistemas biológicos y aplicaciones en bioinformática, biología computacional y química computacional. El uso de bases de datos de mayor tamaño aumenta las posibilidades en la generación de candidatos potenciales, pero el tiempo de cálculo necesario no sólo aumenta con el tamaño de la base de datos, sino también con la exactitud de los métodos de cribado virtual (CV) y del modelo. Se discuten los beneficios del uso de arquitecturas masivamente paralelas, en particular las unidades de procesamientos gráfico, demostrando empíricamente que están bien adaptadas para la aceleración de las MSV, obteniendo una aceleración de hasta 45 veces, en comparación con su versión secuencial.In this work we discuss the benefits of using computational intelligence methods, like Support Vector Machines (SVM) for the optimization of the prediction of compounds solubility. SVMs are trained with a database of known soluble and insoluble compounds, and this information is being exploited afterwards to improve Virtual Screening (VS) prediction. The landscape in the high performance computing arena opens up great opportunities in the simulation of relevant biological systems and for applications in bioinformatics, computational biology and computational chemistry. Larger databases increase the chances of generating hits or leads, but the computational time needed for the calculations increases not only with the size of the database but also with the accuracy of the VS methods and the model. We discussed the benefits of using massively parallel architectures, in particular graphics processing units. We empirically demonstrate that GPUs are well-suited architecture for the acceleration of SVM, obtaining up to 15 times sustained speedup compared to its sequential counterpart version.Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por los proyectos: NILS Mobility Project 012-ABEL-CM-2014A y Fundación Séneca 18946/JLI/13

Estudio experimental en conejos de un nuevo vidrio bioactivo en la reconstrucción de defectos óseos

Objetivo: Se evaluó "in vivo" un vidrio bioactivo en la reparación de defectos óseos en animales esqueléticamente maduros e inmaduros. Material y Método: Se intervinieron 32 conejos machos de Nueva Zelanda divididos aleatoriamente en dos Grupos de 16: esqueléticamente maduros e inmaduros respectivamente. En todos ellos, se labró un defecto óseo en la cara lateral del cóndilo femoral. En la mitad de cada Grupo se relleno el defecto óseo con un implante de biovidrio. El resto sirvió como control. En los animales inmaduros, el defecto óseo resultó equivalente a una lesión fisaria tipo VI de Rang. El seguimiento fue de 4 meses. Se realizó un estudio radiográfico mensual, así como un estudio necrópsico, histológico e histomorfométrico de los especimenes. Resultados: Todos los animales finalizaron el estudio. No se observaron desviaciones axiales de las extremidades intervenidas en los animales inmaduros. El vidrio presentó una excelente osteointegración tanto en animales maduros como inmaduros, con evidencia de osteoconducción sobre su superficie, de forma simultánea a a su degradación y reabsorción, sin deformidades o ruturas. Las formación ósea inducida y reabsorción, sin deformidades o roturas. La formació ósea inducida por el vídrio fue la mayor en los niveles inmaduros respecto a los maduros. Los animales control presentaron una reparación del defecto óseo de menor calidad, con variaciones entre individuos. Conclusiones: El comportamiento "in vivo" el vidrio testado permite considerarlo como un material adecuado para la sustitución o reparación ósea, en el relleno de cavidades, la cobertura de superficie de implantes, y la vehiculización de sustancias. En cirugía del cartílago de crecimiento podría utilizarse como material de interposición tras la resección de puentes óseos fisarios.Objective: to evaluate the usefulness of a new bioactive glass in bone defect healing in rabbits. Material & Methods: 32 New Zeland rabbits were randomly distributed in two groups of 16: mature and immature respectively . In all of them, a bone defect was performed in the lateral surface of femoral distal epiphysis. A glass bioactive implant was placed in the bone defect of 8 animals in each group. The others served as control. In the immature rabbits, bone defect results as a Type VI physeal injury of Rang. Follow-up was 4 months. A standardised radiographic study was monthly performed, and after sacrifice, a histological and morphometric study on the femora was done. Results: All the animals survived the follow-up. No axial deviations of distal femoral growth were observed in immature rabbits. The tested glass showed an excellent osteointegration in all the animals, with osteoconduction evidence over its surface, accompanying degradation and resorption phenomena, but without deformities of break. Bone healing over the tested bioactive glass was higher in immature rabbitr than in mature animals. The control animals showed a poor bone defect healing, with variations among individuals. Conclusion: The in vivo behaviour of tested bioactive glasas suggests its use as possible bone substitute for cavities filling, implant surfaces, and as drugs vehicle. In growth plate surgery, it should be use as interposition material afeter physeal bone bridges resection

Pain management and coping strategies for primary dysmenorrhea: A qualitative study among female nursing students.

Aim Primary dysmenorrhea is a problem that affects both young and adult women, with a significant impact on their daily lives. This pain is primarily managed through the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and non-pharmacological approaches such as exercise, acupressure and heat. The present study aimed to describe how Spanish university students manage dysmenorrhea. Design Qualitative case study. Methods Nursing students (N = 33) from the region of Andalusia (Spain) participated in focus groups. A purposive sampling method was used, and the data were collected through videoconferencing and subsequently analysed thematically. The guidelines for conducting qualitative studies established by the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) and the standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR) were followed. Results Four principal themes were identified: (a) Strategies for pain management; (b) using painkillers; (c) choosing the ideal treatment; (d) non-pharmacological interventions. Conclusions The nursing students experienced difficulties in managing primary dysmenorrhea, they self-medicated, expressed reluctance to seek professional medical advice, used non-pharmacological strategies and seeked advice from other women within their family/social circle.post-print434 K

Microglial angiotensin type 2 receptors mediate sex-specific expression of inflammatory cytokines independently of circulating estrogen

Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia, Grant/Award Numbers: XUGA, ED431C 2018/10, ED431G/05; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Grant/Award Numbers: PI20/00385, RD16/0011/0016, CIBERNED; Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Grant/Award Number: RTI2018-098830-B-I00; Regional European Development Fund (FEDER)There are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroidsThere are sex differences in microglia, which can maintain sex-related gene expression and functional differences in the absence of circulating sex steroids. The angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptors mediate anti-inflammatory actions in different tissues, including brain. In mice, we performed RT-PCR analysis of microglia isolated from adult brains and RNA scope in situ hybridization from males, females, ovariectomized females, orchiectomized males and brain masculinized females. We also compared wild type and AT2 knockout mice. The expression of AT2 receptors in microglial cells showed sex differences with much higher AT2 mRNA expression in females than in males, and this was not dependent on circulating gonadal hormones, as observed using ovariectomized females, brain masculinized females and orchiectomized males. These results suggest genomic reasons, possibly related to sex chromosome complement, for sex differences in AT2 expression in microglia, as the AT2 receptor gene is located in the X chromosome. Furthermore, sex differences in expression of AT2 receptors were associated to sex differences in microglial expression of key anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. In conclusion, sex differences in microglial AT2 receptor expression appear as a major factor contributing to sex differences in the neuroinflammatory responses beyond the effects of circulating steroidsS